case study Leonardo Bridge Project Essay - 1280 Words

When Leonardo da Vinci designed a 240 meters bridge it would have been the longest bridge in the world. His plan was ambitious. In 1502, a skeptical sultan rejected Leonardos design as impossible, but 300 years civilization finally embraced the engineering principle - arches as supports - underlying the construction. The bridge has been constructed, in Norway. Now instead of spanning the Bosporus , his visionary creation was destined to span 500 years as a bridge to another millennium. Vebjorn Sand, the man behind the modern project, has a site with images and details. http://www.vebjorn-sand.com/thebridge.htm Leonardo Bridge Project In 1502 Leonardo da Vinci did a simple drawing of a graceful bridge with a single span of†¦show more content†¦Numerous sites were considered all over Norway until the right one was found in the township of Ã…s spanning E-18, the highway linking Oslo and Stockholm. Fundraising for the project also became a major responsibility for Sand. The next five years required the ability to sustain the vision while building coalitions to undertake the construction of what the Norwegian press would call quot;Vebjà ¸rn Sands Leonardo Project.quot; The Norwegian Leonardo Bridge Project did not easily fall into place. Vebjà ¸rn Sands celebrity in Norway rests on his reputation as a young painter of considerable ability who gleefully joined the public debate over the issue of the dominant Modernist orthodoxy. Sand supports rigorous technical mastery required of classical art training. The Norwegian art academies no longer taught those skills. As the Leonardo Bridge Project developed, this debate continued to grow more heated in the Norwegian press. Sands conceptual tribute to the Renaissance thinkers, and Leonardos vision, came under scathing criticism. Some said the bridge belonged in Disneyland; others accused Vebjà ¸rn Sand of being a fascist. Conceptually, Vebjà ¸rn Sand sees the project as a vivid meeting between the functional and esthetical worlds. It is a reminder that the technology the human race has come to consider a necessary part of daily life, was possible only by the deep faith theShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluenced and revolutionized the modern world as Leonardo da Vinci has. His works in Arts, Science, Engineering and many others has influenced many people in their respective fields. His works in Engineering such as the designing of a machine that can fly has gone on to influence the Wright brothers who invented the airplane. His research in Anatomy and other biological works has made pathways for surgeons, doctors, and many scientists in their research. Leonardo Da Vincis paintings are considered to beRead MoreExploring The Different Values Placed On Art Works Essay9463 Words   |  38 Pagesvalues placed on art works Mona Lisa – Leonardo Da Vinci 1506 - The Mona Lisa, 1503 - 1506, painted on poplar wood (77 x 53cm) with oil paint. This composition was created by Leonardo Da Vinci, a Quattrocento artist of the Italian Renaissance between the years of 1503 - 1506. The Mona Lisa is unquestionably acclaimed, with great artistic merit and value, to be the most highly revered, renowned painting. This form of art is a portrait, in which Leonardo Da Vinci has painted ‘une donna vera’ inRead More Creativity and Machine Design Essay3198 Words   |  13 Pagesequations and assembly lines. In reality, the design process can be very creative. While the process behind designing a machine is creative, it should be noted though that eventually engineers were going to design robots to perform these tasks. 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Died: 322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Nationality: Greek Contributions: * Founded the Lyceum * His biggest contribution to the field of mathematics was his development of the study of logic, which he termed analytics, as the basis for mathematical study. He wrote extensively on this concept in his work Prior Analytics, which was published from Lyceum lecture notes several hundreds of years after his death. * Aristotles Physics, which contains a discussionRead MoreMaster Thesis Topic18078 Words   |  73 PagesCorporate finance and governance of Dutch firms in the 20th century 19 Master Thesis topic 13: The Governance of Banks 20 Master Thesis topic 14: Asset pricing and the economic risk factors 21 Master Thesis topic 15: Greener Pastures for Investing: the Case of Emerging Markets 22 Master Thesis topic 16: Understanding the global financial crisis: causes, real consequences, and lessons 23 Master Thesis topic 17: The firm’s financial advisor selection with corporate finance decisions 24 Master ThesisRead MoreHistory of Firewall18739 Words   |  75 Pagespurchasing a personal ï ¬ rewall. Rather than trying to secure the underlying operating system, these ï ¬ rewalls simply prevent some types of communication. Such ï ¬ rewalls are often used in homes and on laptops when they are outside their normal ï ¬ rewall. In this case, the trust boundary is the network interface of the machine. Preventing access to information:. A second example of protecting a network is the use of national ï ¬ rewalls, for example, China [McKay 1998]. This ï ¬ rewall exists not to protect them fromRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you nee d to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extendRead MoreKey Functions of Airlines18082 Words   |  73 Pagessupport functions of the air carriers. This Module has been divided into the following chapters 1 Airlines functional activities This chapter covers the function of the airlines and its product. It also studies the main operating department their function and also the other associated departments which are essential for the smooth operation It also covers the airport functions pertaining to commercial and technical activities. 2. The structure

Junk Food Is Not The Best Choice For You - 864 Words

Junk food, what a lot of people think it is a quick way to get health food, is unhealthy than you may think. In this modern life, almost everyone one knows that fast is not the best choice for you to eat, but that won t stop us from eating it. There are a lot of things play a factor as to why we are eating junk food. It can be the financial situation is not cover the requirements of life, addiction the fast food, or less time for other. Whatever is the cause might be a lot of times, an individual is not starting given the information he needs to make a good option with junk food. Frist, Obesity is more popular within poorer than among the individuals who are much off. Individuals with low income must be consuming more calories than they consume in physical activity. In the article Bittman article, does not ponder food deserts and individuals that live in them. When he disagrees that individuals can go to the supermarket to get healthy food, affordable food to make for themselves as t hey could to a junk food restaurant that I do not agree with him. Consuming more calories indicates eating a larger significance of foods high in calories, especially fast food, snacks, and soft drinks. I can think have several reasons, why this will be the case of access to whole foods are less accessible, and Price of whole foods takes more than fast food. Also, the Quality of the food when the markets sell fruits and vegetables, they might not be clean. Junk foods,Show MoreRelatedJunk Food Should Be Banned1073 Words   |  5 PagesSchools should not ban junk food There is absolutely no question about schools being blamed for childhood obesity needing to be addressed. Nowadays there a lot of students that are ‘obese† . The Government is trying to take over and take the vending machines out of the schools, all junk food as a matter of fact. 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It will help decrease child obesityRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough it is well known that junk food leads to health risks and obesity, people are still putting unhealthy food into their body daily.   The United States has the highest obesity rate in the world by 6% and the government should be helping to lower that percentage (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Health/Obesity).   The best for the United States to help the obesity rate is by implementing a fat tax.   A fat tax is a tax on foods that are considered unhealthy and are believed to leadRead MoreJunk Food Lurking In Schools: Can It Be Stopped? Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesWhen you send your children off to school, you might worry about bullying or about their academic performance, but you generally don’t consider their lunch-time meal to be a potential problem. Now imagine, for a moment, your son or daughter is given the option between a juicy cheeseburger with greasy French fries and a healthier chicken salad. It’s a no-brainer what choice they will make. Now, stop imaginin g because you don’t have to. Instances like this are a reality everyday in many school cafeteriasRead MoreObesity Of All Of The Effects922 Words   |  4 Pagesget in the way of us living healthy or eating the way we should be. Those distractions are the fast food restaurants, corner stores, and snack machines in the middle of the halls that we walk by most places that we go. They are the foods that hypnotizes our eyes saying â€Å"Eat me,† when really every bite of what we call delicious food screams out, â€Å"I am no good for your body.† Some of these very same foods advertised on television and in our very own grocery stores are what can be the cause of diseasesRead MoreEating Healthy: Classism and Choice Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesalso be a question of choice. Obviously having more money will always give you more choices and the option to go for expensive products with higher quality. The journalist goes back to the 19th century saying that white brea d was a luxury that only rich people could afford but showed no evidence that, by eating white bread they were healthier than the poor who could not afford it. Eating a healthy and balanced diet doesn’t mean you always need to buy the most expensive foods. Neither does it meanRead MoreObesity : Reducing The Obesity1237 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the leading causes of Obesity in Canada and how can we decrease these issues resulting in obesity? (Political Perspective) In what ways as a society can we prevent/reduce the high rates of obesity, considering the high demand for junk food/processed foods. Which efforts will be effective for us Canadians? (Objective and Results) Research Notes URL Although genetics play a major role, Obesity stems from social and physical environments Many factors contribute to an unhealthy lifestyle such

Preliminary Audit Plan Assessing Internal Control Risk Get Solution

Question: The engagement partner has requested a meeting tomorrow to discuss audit plan for MTI She has requested several documents for that meeting.1. A preliminary audit plan assessing internal control risk and providing preliminary judgment for detection risk.2. A description of specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory.You are required to justify the audit plan by referring to theoretical grounds learnt from this unit. Answer: Preliminary audit plan assessing internal control risk: The control risk is the risk that there is a misstatement in the balances of the accounts or in the classes of the transactions. The material misstatement could be so material that it is incapable of being detected and corrected within the time period. The accounting and the internal control systems are incapable of detecting the misstatements. The internal control system is the system of the control wherein the management has to make sure that there is no misstatement in the financial statements whatsoever. Further, the system of internal control aims at ensuring that the business is conducted in an orderly and an efficient manner. The objective of an audit is to ensure that the internal control system is in place in the organization and it is capable of detecting the material misstatements and ensure that the financial statements represent a true and a fair picture of the financial position of the organization. The responsibility of the maintenance of the internal control system is of the management and the responsibility of commenting on the same is of the auditor. The internal control is way beyond the matters that are directly related with the function of the accounting system and consist of the following:1. Preliminary assessment of the control risk: it is the process through which the accounting and the internal control systems effectiveness is evaluated with regard to the detecting and correcting the material misstatements. There is some degree of the control risk that is always attached due to the presence of the inherent limitation of the accounting and the internal control systems.2. After an understanding of the accounting and the internal controls has been obtained, an auditors makes the preliminary assessment of control risk at the assertion level for each of the balance of the account or the class of the transactions.3. An auditor must assess the access the control risk at the higher levels for the few of the assertions when the following exists:4. When the accounting and the internal control systems are not at all effective5. When the evaluation of the accounting and the internal control system have been found to be ineffective and inefficient6. The preliminary assessment of the risk of the control would be regarded as to be high till the time an auditor is able to:7. Identify the internal controls that must be carried out and are relevant for the prevention and the detection of the material misstatement.8. The tests of controls must be so planned that they support the assessment, as per SAS 300.79. Even when the preliminary assessment of the control risk has been found to be successful, an auditor must not place his reliance on the same till the time, he has obtained a reasonable assurance that the internal controls are capable of detecting the material misstatement and rather had been functioning properly and within the entire period. The understanding of the control risk must be adequately documented10. The auditor is duty bound to documents all of the following:11. His understanding of the accounting and the internal control system12. The assessment of the control risk When an auditor is of the opinion that the control risk is very high, then he must document each and every thing in his working papers as to why he concluded that the control risk was high. And when he has concluded it, he must extend the different techniques that would help him in documenting the information with regard to the accounting and the internal controls systems. The identification and the selection of the techniques would entirely depend upon the judgement and the experience of the auditor. An auditor must use the combination or two or more techniques and must ensure that the techniques include the narrative descriptions, questionnaires, checklists and the flow charts. The types of the documentation would be dependent upon the size and the complexity of the organization and the nature and the timing of the accounting and the internal controls system of the organization. When the accounting and the internal control system is complex, then the auditor procedures to be perfor med will be more complex and then the documentation would be more extensive than otherwise. According to the assessments and the internal controls, when auditor has gained the evidences with regard to the procedures that could be performed in order to gain an understanding of the accounting and the system of internal control and concludes that the accounting and the internal controls systems are in place, then an auditor must assess the control risk at lesser than the high level. In the computerized environment, the tests of the internal controls will be very different from the procedures that will be performed in the manual environment. Some of the procedures of the audit will change though. An auditor would find it relevant to use the Computer Assisted Auditing techniques. The use of such techniques will include the techniques like file interrogation or the audit test data that may be appropriate when the accounting and the internal control system provides no evidence with regard to documenting the performance of the internal controls that are programmed into the computerized system of accounting. On the basis of the tests of the controls, an auditor must assess the internal controls that have been designed and have bene operating as the contemplated in the preliminary assessment of the control risk. The conclusion of the assessed level of the control risk may be revised when an auditor has evaluated the deviations. In such of the cases, an auditor will mod ify the nature, timing and the extent of the substantiative procedures that have been planned to be performed. The tests of control could include the following: 1. All the documents must be supported by the relevant transactions and the other such events so as to gain an understanding of the knowledge regarding whether the internal controls operate effectively and efficiently2. Inquiring about the observation of the internal controls that have no audit trail3. Re-performing the internal controls. Detection risk is the risk that the auditor will not be able to detect the material misstatements during the course of his audit term. An auditor must assess the detection risk and then use the substantitative procedures in order to minimize the risk of detection. He reduces the detection risk by deciding the nature, timing and the extent of the substantive procedures. Audit plan for the work in progress inventory: The following are the substantive tests that could be performed in respect of the inventories and the same must be compared with that of the last year and the industry averages. The following must be looked into: 1. Whether the ending inventory has been overstated2. Whether the sales have been overstated3. Whether the ending inventory have been understated4. Whether the variable selling costs have been overstated.The following are some of the factors that must be considered:1. Book to physical adjustment: this refers to the cumulative effects of the errors in the perpetual system as well as the shrinkage and the loss that is caused due to theft. This amount of loss must and only be accepted when the internal control system of the client is reliable.2. Turnover: the problem of obsolescence can be detected primarily through the slower amounts of the inventory.3. Individual reasonableness tests: the prices and the quantities of the individual items of the inventory must be assessed and must be compared with that of the last years.The physical observation of the inventory:1. SAS 1 requires the inventory to be valued at the lower of the market value or the purchase price.2. There must be a presenc e of the tags in the work in progress inventory. This is due to the following reasons:3. It will indicate the inventory that has been counted4. It will provide the written indication of the internal verification of the inventory and that too with accuracy5. It will provide the pre-numbered document for the tests to be conducted later for the existence of the compilation of the inventory.6. Test counts: this is done to ensure that the client knows as to what has been counted by the auditor so that no subsequent alteration could be made7. The pricing could be tested by ascertaining the quantities, description and the unit if measurementMonitoring the tag sequences: an auditor must use the tags so as to ensure that all the tags have been accounted for. This comes into play and this comes into play when the inventory of the client has to be determined that contains only the valid tags.1. The account balances in the accounts of the purchases, inventories and the cost of the goods sold mu st be compared with that of the previous years. The significant changes must be investigated. When the following ratios are computed, the figures are compared with that of the previous years so as to calculate the reasonableness of all the assertions:2. The classification of the inventory (raw materials, work in process, finished goods) as the % of the total inventory3. The gross margin at the level of the financial statements and by the product line4. The turnover of the inventory at the financial statement level and by the product line.The following plan must be followed in respect of the work in progress:1. The dates of the inventory observations must be taken in the record2. The location and the methods that have been adopted by the division so as to test the existence of each of the category of the inventory, such as the raw materials, work in progress, finished goods and consignments.3. The extent to which the physical inventory taking has been observed must be taken into reco rd4. The written instructions in respect of the inventory must be taken down and went through in detail and its clarity and adequacy must be assessed. The documents must be assessed and any suggestions must be incorporated in the same, whenever deemed necessary.5. Obtain the lists of the teams involved in the inventory count and ascertain as to whether the employees that are involved are capable of identifying the nature and the quality of the items and whether the persons from the various departments do not have any responsibility with regard to the movement, recording or the custody of the inventory. In case, the both 2 stated points are absent, then it will be necessary to revise the extent of the work that has been performed and ensure that the complete and the accurate inventory count is achieved6. Determine as to whether the lists of the inventory differentiates between the various stages of the work in progress. It must be ascertained that the information exists for the prope r identification of the inventory and the test counts of the inventory.7. Ascertain whether the procedures that are being performed are adequate to control the use of the tags of the inventory or the sheets are adequate and if not found adequate, then the division of the duties must be considered and the persons must be made responsible for the tag and the count sheet control, for the counting of the inventory and for inputting the tags and the count sheets into the records of inventory.8. Ascertain as to whether the procedures that have been established ensure a proper cut off.9. Evaluate the procedures to be performed during the time when the goods are received, when they are entered for production and when they are shipped.10. Ascertain whether any goods are there that are owned by the divisions in the custody of the others of the inventories that are owned by the premises of the other divisions.The following points must be clearly spelt out:1. Whether the control procedure of th e client is adequate?2. The control procedures that are used by an auditor is the blend of the physical examination of the goods, observation and inquiry.3. Whether the timing of the count is adequate?4. What all the locations where the inventory is kept?5. Whether an expert is needed to assist the count? When an auditor uses the services of the expert, he would consider the materiality of the inventory and the nature and the complexity of the items and the other such evidences that would be available to him.6. There must be a written plan that must be communicated to all the member of the staff7. There must be a proper arrangement of the items of the inventory8. The physical counting must be supervised by the internal auditors or the supervisory personnel that would re-count the inventory on the test basis9. The auditor must observe the procedures that are followed by the employees of the client10. Reconcile all the work in progress with the records that have bene maintained by the client11. The documentation of the inventory must be inspected and the external confirmation must be obtained from the third party such as the inventory that has been pledged as collateral.12. Ensure that all the work in progress actually exists and are in fact in the stage of production13. All the work in progress inventories are counted and are included in the balance of the work in progress and no other amounts have been included in the inventory of work in progress14. All the listings of the work in progress have been accurately compiled, extended, footed and summarized and the totals are correctly reflected in the accounts15. The cost of the inventory and the selling prices have been adequately valued16. The defective inventory has been properly removed from the work in progress inventory quantity in hand. References: Accountingweb.com, (2014). Auditing Special Purpose Frameworks: Auditing Inventories Part 2 | Accounting WEB. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingweb.com/article/auditing-special-purpose-frameworks-auditing-inventories%E2%80%94part-2/223797 [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. All.net, (2015). [Online] Available at: https://all.net/books/audit/ASAP/invntry.txt [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Business.baylor.edu, (2015). Audit plan for WIP. [Online] Available at: https://business.baylor.edu/charles_davis/courses/acc5317/.../wipplan.doc [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Myweb.whitman.syr.edu, (2015). Physical inventory. [Online] Available at: https://myweb.whitman.syr.edu/rjelder/Acc476/Notes/CH21.doc [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Nba.nl, (2015). Risk Assessments and Internal Control. [Online] Available at: https://www.nba.nl/hraweb/richtlijnen/2002/Bundel1/Eng/sectie_400_21-39.htm [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. novellaqalive2.mhhe.com, (2015). Substantive Tests of Transactions and Balances. [Online] Available at: https://novellaqalive2.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0074711709/90089/sample_ch10.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Pcaobus.org, (2015). Auditing Standard No. 8. [Online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/pages/auditing_standard_8.aspx [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. Prasad, M. (2012). The components of audit risk. [Online] The Hindu Business Line. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/mentor/the-components-of-audit-risk/article2910361.ece [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.frc.org.uk, (2015). www.frc.org.uk. [online] Available at: https://www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/APB/SAS-300-Accounting-and-Internal-Control-Systems-an.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.hkicpa.org.hk, (2015). STATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 300 AUDIT RISK ASSESSMENTS AND ACCOUNTING AND INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS. [Online] Available at: https://www.hkicpa.org.hk/file/media/section6_standards/standards/sas300.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015]. www.icisa.cag.gov.in, (2015). INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 400 RISK ASSESSMENTS AND INTERNAL CONTROL. [Online] Available at: https://www.icisa.cag.gov.in/Background%20Material/RISK%20ASSt%20AND%20INTNL%20CONTROL%20ISA_400.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2015].

Hacking Essay Example For Students

Hacking Essay Imagine this, you are driving along the road and suddenly you see somethingspectacular. Now imagine that you are not allowed to deviate from your course tocheck it out. This is what a so-called hacker faces. Just imagine that yousaw an injured person on the side of the road. In this analogy you are notallowed to help the injured person. A hacker is not allowed to explore likeeveryone else in the world. A hacker is not allowed to help fix potentialsecurity holes. The term hacker can have many meanings. The most visible to thepublic is the person pirating software, and breaking into corporate networks anddestroying information. This is the public misconception of a hacker. Back inthe Unix days, a hack was simply a quick and dirty way of doing something. Hackers in those days were basically just computer experts. Nowadays hackermeans the same thing as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicioushackers. The media, of course, never prints the good things hackers do. Mosthackers provide a service to companies, by letting the company know aboutsecurity holes, before a rival exploits it. Most hackers want nothing more thanto simply learn. A hacker has an extreme thirst for knowledge, but not in thetraditional subjects. Technology, and anything new interest hackers. In factmost security experts start out but learning and hacking. The bad view ofhackers is not completely false. There are hackers out there that will do therebest to harm any system hey can, but most want nothing more than to find thebeauty in system, or network. To hackers vast networks, and the inside of afirewall that was meant to keep them out, are the most beautiful sights onEarth. In every aspect of life there are people who exploit others. Murders,robbers, o r any other criminals come from every walk of life. Even hackers havesome, but like the general population, it is a small percentage. Most peoplewould call the whole Linux community hackers, because anyone who has theknowledge to run Unix must be a hacker. This show what good hackers can do. Theentire Unix GNU community is run by hackers. They all contribute toward a freeoperating system. They all work out the bugs, and then distribute it for free. Hackers got tired of paying for an OS that did not work well. So they all workedtogether Today Linux is one of the fastest growing OSs on the planet. Manywould say that Linux is buggy simply because its free, but its made by thesame people who can get into any computer, or write any program to fit theirneeds. All Hackers are not good, but then again, all people are not good. In anycase, the hacker community as a whole, has done many things for end uses. Firstof all they help companies make they transactions securer. Second they helpdevelop new code, and help work the bugs out of old code. And lastly, allhackers really want to do is learn. Even if it means breaking in to acomputer. Most hackers break in simply to learn. Very few will touch any data. Ahackers goal is for the systems administator to never even know that the hackerwas in the system in the first place. The Hackers Manifesto by the Mentor, isa classic example of how hackers feel that the rest of the world does notunderstan d us. It shows how hackers were once shunned from society and createdtheir own underground society. In fact 2600 Magazine has been published sincethe early eighties. Many articles are in this magazine about how hackers aremerely misunderstood. This is the most famous article: Hackers Manifesto By:+++The Mentor+++ Another one got caught today, its all over the papers. .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .postImageUrl , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:hover , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:visited , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:active { border:0!important; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:active , .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6 .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cd715ca8d81ec71ecef4f81286b9cb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gustave Flaubert and Madame Bovary: Comparisons EssayTeenager Arrested in Computer Crime Scandal, Hacker Arrestedafter Bank Tampering Damn kids. Theyre all alike. But did you, in yourthree-piece psychology and 1950s technobrain, Ever take a look behind the eyesof the hacker? Did you ever wonder what made him tick, What forces shaped him,what may have molded him? I am a hacker, enter my world Mine is a world thatbegins with school Im smarter than most of the other kids, This crap theyteach us bores me Damn underachiever. Theyre all alike. Im in junior highor high school. Ive listened to teachers explain for the fifteenth time How toreduce a fraction. I understand it. No, Ms . Smith, I didnt show my work. I did it in my head Damn kid. Probably copied it. Theyre all alike. Imade a discovery today. I found a computer. Wait a second, this is cool. It doeswhat I want it to. If it makes a mistake, its because I screwed it up. Notbecause it doesnt like me Or feels threatened by me.. Or thinks Im a smartass.. Or doesnt like teaching and shouldnt be here Damn kid. All he does isplay games. Theyre all alike. And then it happened a door opened to aworld Rushing through the phone line like heroin through an addicts veins,An electronic pulse is sent out, A refuge from the day-to-day incompetence issought A board is found. This is it this is where I belongI know everyone here even if Ive never met him or her, Never talked to them,may never hear from them again I know you all Damn kid. Tying up the phoneline again. Theyre all alike You bet your ass were all alike Weve beenspoon-fed baby food at school when we hungered for steak The bits of meatthat you did let slip through were pre-chewed and taste less. Weve beendominated by sadists, or ignored by the apathetic. The few that had something toteach found us willing pupils, But those few are like drops of water in thedesert. This is our world now the world of the electron and the switch, Thebeauty of the baud. We make use of a service already existing, Without payingfor what could be dirt-cheap, If it wasnt run by profiteering gluttons, And youcall us criminals. We exploreand you call us criminals. We seek afterknowledgeand you call us criminals. We exist without skin color, Withoutnationality, Without religious bias And you call us criminals. You buildatomic bombs, You wage wars, You murder, Cheat, and lie to us, And try to makeus believe its for our own good, Yet were the criminals. Yes, I am a criminal. My crime is that of curiosity. My crime is that of judging people by what theysay and think, Not what they look like. My crime is that of outsmarting you,Something that you will never forgive me for. I am a hacker, and this is mymanifesto. You may stop this individual, But you cant stop us all After all,were all alike.

Presence Of A God Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Existence Of God

Presence Of A God Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesn't. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to God's existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a moot question, for if God does exist, then nothing else really matters; if He does not exist, then nothing really matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal heaven to be gained (Hebrews 11:16) and an eternal Hell to be avoided (Revelation 21:8). The question for God's existence is an extremely important one. One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it: ...the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so many problems, resolves so many doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we might presume would, as soon as it was announced, be received by every healthy mind. Some, however, contrary to their higher interests, have refused to have God in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and foolish in their philosophy (Romans 1:21,22,28). They do not see the folly (Psalm 14:1) of saying there is no God. The Christian has not only the obligation to give answer to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you... (I Peter 3:15), but an obligation to carry the Gospel message to a lost and dying world (Mark 16:15-16, et al.). There will be times when carrying the Gospel message to the world will entail setting forth the case for the existence of God. In addition, we need to remember that Christians are not agnostics. The agnostic is the person who says that God's existence is unknowable. As difficult as it is to believe, some Christians take that same stance in regard to God's existence. They assert that they believe there is a God, but that they cannot know it. They state that God's existence cannot be pro ved. `This is false!' God's existence is both `knowable' and `provable.' Acceptance of God's existence is not some blind leap into the dark as so many have erroneously asserted. The Christian's faith is not a purely emotional, subjective leap, but instead is a `firm conviction' regarding facts based upon reasonable evidence. God's existence can be proved to any fair-minded person. Granted, we do not mean by the word proved that God's existence can be scientifically demonstrated to human senses as one might, for example, prove that a sack of potatoes weighs ten pounds. But we need to be reminded (especially in our day of scientific intimidation) that empirical evidence (that based solely upon experiment and/or observation) is not the only basis for establishing a provable case. Legal authorities recognize the validity of a `prima facie' case. Such a case exists when adequate evidence is available to establish the presumption of a fact which, unless such can be refuted, `legally stand s as a fact'. Inferential proof (the culmination of many lines of evidence into only one possible conclusion) is an invaluable part of a `prima facie' case which simply cannot be refuted. But an important question which serves as a preface to the case for God's existence is this: From whence has come the idea of God in man's mind? The inclination to be religious is universally and peculiarly a human trait. As one writer observed, even today the evidence indicates that no race or tribe of men, however degraded and apparently atheistic, lacks that spark of religious capacity which may be fanned and fed into a mighty flame. If, therefore, man is incurably religious--and has the idea of God in his mind--and if we assume that the world is rational, it is impossible that a phenomenon so universal as religion could be founded upon illusion. The question is highly appropriate therefore: what is the source of this religious tendency within man? Alexander Campbell, in his celebrated debate Ap ril 13-23, 1829 in Cincinnati, Ohio with Robert Owen, provided the answer to this question in

How the colors of the office can affect productivity in your employees

How the colors of the office can affect productivity in your employees Who would’ve thought that the colors in your office space can affect the productivity of your employees? Colors can set the mood for your employees through out the day. Some colors are calming while other colors can help to inspire and drive creativity. But you don’t have to limit yourself to pick just one color, you can make as many combinations  you feel is best. Look around, does your office space have these colors? Maybe it might be time to get some objects with these colors to jazz up your working space.  Source [Taskworld]

Precis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Precis - Assignment Example There as well is the need to describe women not in relation to what they are directly contributing to the global economy but also in other noncompetitive facets of social life. There is need to empower not only the women but the marginalized as well as have them participate in political social and economic spheres for sustainable acceleration of social and economic development (Griffin, 102).Exposing women and the poor to opportunities such as affordable funds and having policies that intervenes on their behalf not only liberalizes them but as well offers them a competitive edge and a level entrance in the global market. However gender inequality should not only lean towards the women but toward any gender group that is disadvantaged (Griffin, 99). Socializing and exposing in equal gender either male or female to the competitive economy would give them a better chance in the global political economy. Giving priority to women and less privileged and having strategies of empowering the group by the policy makers would yield tangible and measurable results in the global economy development as they play a great role. For the global economy to grow drastically the issue of gender inequality must be eradicated completely in our

Oregon Death and Dignity Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oregon Death and Dignity Act - Essay Example The debate centers on individual autonomy, whether or not patients who suffer from extreme pain and have a terminal or degenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s, AIDS and multiple sclerosis have the right to an assisted death of the type and time of their own choosing. â€Å"Active euthanasia occurs when the medical professionals, or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die† (â€Å"Ethics†, 2006) A doctor’s involvement in the procedure could be to either prescribe a lethal dose of drugs with the express intent of ending a life or by intravenously inserting a needle into the terminal patient who then activates a switch that administers the fatal dose (Naji et al, 2005). Many terminally ill people choose to end their own life to evade the previously discussed detriments of a terminal illness. Suicide rates are by far the highest among the elderly population for this reason. â€Å"If these people are going to commit suicide, which is better, controlled, compassionate doctor-assisted suicide or clumsy attempts like taking sleeping pills, jumping off a building, or firing a bullet into ones head?† (Messerli, 2007). Only one state, Oregon, and three countries, Switzerland, Belgium and The Netherlands, allow assisted suicide. The law in Oregon was challenged in the U.S. Supreme Court early last year and was upheld by a vote of six to three. In 2001, President Bush attempted to derail the Oregon law permitting euthanasia stating that assisted suicide wasn’t a ‘legitimate medical purpose.’ The justices, however, were not convinced by Bush’s argument. â€Å"Justice Sandra Day O’Connor pointed out that doctors participate in the administration of lethal injections to death row inmates† (Roh, 2006). The Oregon laws are shaped after those in the Netherlands and are designed to ensure second opinions have been consulted and there is an imminent presumption of death

Khmer Rouge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Khmer Rouge - Essay Example   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Khmer Rouge or Red Khmer - a communist party - governed in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. However, they remained active even after the fall of their regime by engaging in guerrilla fighting against the new government. In other words, they turned into a terrorist group. Although they do not seem to be active right now - they were dropped from the list of foreign terrorist organizations of the Department of State because they "ceased to exist as a viable terrorist organization" (Cronin, 2003) - the time when they were active is too close and, therefore, they cannot be ignored.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, bearing in mind the genocide that the Khmer Rouge under the leadership of Pol Pot carried out in Cambodia, we should assume that the potential threat from this group implies threat for the lives of many people.   Ã‚     The Khmer Rouge are the perpetrators of the frightful genocide in Cambodia from 1970s. Although the Pol Pot regime (1975-1979) with the killing fields and the horrors of mass destruction is now a thing of the past, the Khmer Rouge seem to never have changed: "There is little sign that the ideology, leadership or social regulations of the Khmer Rouge have change significantly since their bloody reign from 1975 to 1979." (PoKempner, 1995) This conclusion is based on a report by Human Rights Watch, based itself on observations from 1994 to 1995, almost 20 years after the end of the Pol Pot regime.   Ã‚     Such evidence shows that a group with a history like that of the Khmer Rouges has little potential for change. Therefore, we should expect that their disregard for human life has remained the same over the years and any anti terrorist strategy should be developed with regard to that fact.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It is important to identify the specific military tactics of the Khmer Rouge so that we can be prepared for specific responses. Here are a few of the distinguishing characteristics of Khmer Rouge

MindTree: A Community Of Communities

MindTree: A Community Of Communities MindTree is a mid-sized 278 million Indian Information Technology firm known for its knowledge management practices, strong culture and values, and collaborative communities. Its strategy is to become a company that is consulting-led in the IT services business and intellectual property led in the RD-services business. Currently the CEO of the firm has set an ambitious goal of becoming a $1 billion company by 2014. This requires that employees innovate and create new businesses. How would you characterize the culture of MindTree? People-Centric: In an industry where all firms are assumed to possess homogenous skills, MindTree knew that, in order to succeed, it had to differentiate itself from its competitors. The company realized that culture and values were key elements that could be used as Soft Differentiators. Also, being a multicultural company, MindTree realized that it could not possibly manage all the different cultures efficiently. Instead, it decided to develop a common set of values which could be shared by people from across different cultures. The company has always strived to become an emotionally bonded organization. In this regard, the culture of MindTree can be characterized as a people-centric culture. Value-Driven: According to the MindTree senior management, Every MindTree mind is driven by CLASS Caring, Learning, Achieving, Sharing, and Social Responsibility. From this, it is evident that MindTree wanted to create a culture rich in innovation and creativity. MindTrees emphasis on aspects such as High achievement orientation and high caring further shows that MindTree aimed to promote a culture of high performance, stakeholder responsibility, cooperation and corporate citizenship. Transparent and Participative: Transparency and rich, frequent communication were cornerstones of the culture. Mindtree incorporated participative decision-making by promoting openness across organizational levels. This resulted in the companys 95-95-95 principle, which stated that 95% of the people should have 95% of the information 95% of the time. How has this culture been created and institutionalized? At MindTree, the managements belief that values drive behaviour and behaviour drives results was at the heart of all decision-making processes. Internalizing CLASS Values: Mindtree sought to internalize the CLASS values by integrating them into its recruitment, recognition, and reward systems. The process started right from hiring of a new employee, whereby the candidates were assessed on whether they would be a good fit in the organizations culture. New employees then participated in extensive sessions with the senior management, which emphasized the importance of these values in the companys culture. The process continued with performance appraisals, where each value had a clear metric and 40% weight was assigned to performance against these values. The success of MindTrees endeavours to internalize the CLASS values can be seen from the fact that 90% of the senior leaders voluntarily asked for 360o feedback on how well they were complying with the company values. Other initiatives like rechristening the HR dept. as the people function and giving stock options to its employees, have also helped MindTree in building and promoting its culture among its employees. Socialization Tactics: MindTree has also employed the use of several socialization tactics to foster and institutionalize its culture among its employees. When a new employee joins MindTree, she is given explicit information about the sequence in which she will perform new activities or occupy new roles (Sequential Role Orientation). As employees gain experience, they are allowed to pursue their interests by joining or initiating a community (Random Role Orientation). Senior employees at MindTree actively engage with new hires and act as role models (Serial Tactics). This not only helps MindTree imbibe its core values in the new employees, but also promotes the participative culture within the organization. Building Knowledge Communities: Knowledge management was another activity that supported and contributed to MindTrees culture and values. MindTree adopted a holistic, encompassing approach to KM, as it believed that KM could play an integral role in helping people perform their jobs better and develop themselves, which again reflected on its goal to be a High Achievement oriented and High Caring organization. To implement KM a work, MindTree encouraged its employees to self-organize and collaborate through communities of practice. MindTree also took a number of steps to build a supportive environment for cultivating KM. The development and contribution of the KM function has been discussed in detail later in this article. What role does culture play in MindTree Consulting? How does it contribute to strategy of the organisation? MindTree has always believed that its values are one of its core competencies and a key factor which differentiates it from its competitors. At MindTree, its values define its culture and are a cornerstone of decisions concerning future strategy. Competitive advantage: Core values such as Learning and Sharing have allowed MindTree to develop an extensive intellectual property base, which gives it a clear advantage over its competitors. MindTrees focus on building a people centric, emotionally bonded organization has allowed it to retain its employees, and has also led to higher job satisfaction levels among the employees. Together these factors have directly contributed to MindTrees success in delivering better service to its clients. Strategic Initiatives: 95-95-95 principle To ensure transparency and rich, frequent communication, two key elements of culture at MindTree, the management realized that it needed to make information available to its employees. Hence was born the 95-95-95 principle which aims at providing 95% information to 95% employees, at 95% of the time. The Gardener program As a part of this program, the leaders at MindTree actively engage with employees to develop them into future leaders of the company. The program stems directly from the companys goal to institutionalize its culture and ensure that the core values are carried forward by the next generation of leaders. The 5*50 program MindTrees participative culture and its integration with the companys strategy is best highlighted by this program. This initiative called on all MindTree Minds to offer innovative ideas for building new $50 million businesses from scratch. Knowledge Management (KM) would help in the ideation process and would provide critical IT systems support. The fact that MindTree entrusts its employees with resources and encourages them to build businesses, demonstrates the importance of culture in the companys growth strategy. What role have knowledge management practices played in developing and instilling culture at MindTree? Knowledge Management (KM) refers to the processes, activities and technologies that are specifically aimed at improving organizational performance, by acquiring, organizing, applying, sharing and renewing both the tacit and explicit knowledge of its employees. KMs role at MindTree, however, is not limited to helping employees perform their jobs better. KM plays a vital role in carrying forward the core values of the firm. KM enables knowledge creation, which leads to innovation KM enables the environment, which leads to knowledge sharing collaboration KM enables processes and practices, which helps build a knowledge culture KM directly enables changes and shifts in mind sets Knowledge Communities: MindTrees communities of practice reflect the companys socio-technical approach to KM, which emphasize social interactions as a means of enabling knowledge sharing and collaboration. A community could have members working in different departments. This ensures that the best practices and expertise of various departments go into creating the knowledge repository. It also ensures holistic development of employees who participate in the communities, through interaction with fellow members of varied expertise. Community Maturity Levels: The first level is a community of interest which is a collection of individuals who share an interest and enjoy talking about it. The main purpose here is sharing. The next level is competency building in which individuals learn from one another in face-to-face meetings. At the third level is capability building which enabled achieving better results in the company by improving existing processes, software and building relationships between communities and other organizational activities. At the highest level was capacity building in which communities would absorb knowledge from external experts and the focus would be on innovation.

Conflict, Climax, Resolution of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Conflict, Climax, Resolution of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Hugo McPherson in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology† makes a statement regarding the nature of the conflict in the works of Hawthorne:    Everything he has to say is related, finally, to ‘that inward sphere.’ For the heart is the meeting-place of all the forces – spiritual and physical, light and dark, that compete for dominance in man’s nature. †¦Those who read him as a Christian moralist recognize instantly an opposition between Head and Heart, reason and passion which is related not only to Puritan theology but to the Neo-Classical view of man†¦.(68-69)    Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is, in the estimation of various literary critics, an example of various types of conflicts. This essay will examine them and also the climax and resolution of this short story.    Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state that   â€Å"’Young Goodman Brown’ uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that trouble a man’s heart and mind† (31). The conflict between pride and humility is the direction that Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† tends: Hawthorne himself was preoccupied with the problems of evil, the nature of sin, the conflict between pride and humility† (13). There is little doubt about the pride of the protagonist as he scolds his wife for not fully trusting him: "’My love and my Faith,’ replied young Goodman Brown, ‘of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done 'twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three mo... ...W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    McPherson, Hugo. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.          Conflict, Climax, Resolution of Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown Essay Conflict, Climax, Resolution of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Hugo McPherson in â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology† makes a statement regarding the nature of the conflict in the works of Hawthorne:    Everything he has to say is related, finally, to ‘that inward sphere.’ For the heart is the meeting-place of all the forces – spiritual and physical, light and dark, that compete for dominance in man’s nature. †¦Those who read him as a Christian moralist recognize instantly an opposition between Head and Heart, reason and passion which is related not only to Puritan theology but to the Neo-Classical view of man†¦.(68-69)    Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is, in the estimation of various literary critics, an example of various types of conflicts. This essay will examine them and also the climax and resolution of this short story.    Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in â€Å"Stories Derived from New England Living† state that   â€Å"’Young Goodman Brown’ uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that trouble a man’s heart and mind† (31). The conflict between pride and humility is the direction that Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† tends: Hawthorne himself was preoccupied with the problems of evil, the nature of sin, the conflict between pride and humility† (13). There is little doubt about the pride of the protagonist as he scolds his wife for not fully trusting him: "’My love and my Faith,’ replied young Goodman Brown, ‘of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee. My journey, as thou callest it, forth and back again, must needs be done 'twixt now and sunrise. What, my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three mo... ...W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965.    McPherson, Hugo. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Use of Mythology.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York: Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.    Williams, Stanley T. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Puritan Mind.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.         

Employee retention Essay

Employee retention is very important to organizations. If employees can not be retained, the company will have to invest money for training new employees time and time again. The cost of replacing an employee is high not only financially, but in terms of lost productivity, the time taken by the employer to go through the resumes and the cost incurred to conduct interviews. The best away to avoid this costly affair is to focus on the retention of employees as otherwise it will have a castigating effect on the organization as a whole. By taking a look at the past it is possible to avoid the mistake of losing your central operating powers in the future. When an employee leaves the organization, the employer must make it a point to conduct exit interviews to know the reason for him to quit the organization.(pg 161 Dessler) The employer’s real skill lies in identifying the real motive of the employee to quit the organization, because most of the employees reveal the false reasons. At the same time he/she must also equally concentrate on the rest of the employees who have not yet left and indulge in casual conversation to keep their morale high. Turnover can be a positive process when an employer manages to bring new recruits, along with their new ideas and vigor into the organization. Yet, unmanaged employee turnover can easily steal your company’s knowledge base, profits and competitive edge in the market. With today’s high employment levels, organizations that don’t actively manage turnover’s impact, find that the balance of power has shifted from the employer to the employee. Excessive turnover is often a symptom of fundamental problems within the business. It’s critically important to retain them; to do this one must know what motivates an employee to stay at a particular company. â€Å"The top two reasons employees stay with a company are (1) they feel the company cares about them and (2) they feel their work efforts are important to the growth of the company.† (Saxby) Many companys make the mistake of thinking base salary is the only aspect of a retention plan for important employees. Employee morale is more important than money. Family-friendly policies are the blending of family and work, which has increased significantly in the last 20 years. This phenomenon has created a need for growing interest in workplace policies and programs to enable  workers to balance their work and family responsibilities. Corporations seeking to attract new employees and hold onto their existing work force are attempting to be creative with the promise of flexible schedules, flexible benefits, job sharing, onsite day-care facilities, telecommuting, special deals on parental leave, generous family health care packages and numerous additional individualized incentives that respond to the work- and home-life balance. The appearance of family-friendly policies help employees balance their lives between work and their families. That can mean higher productivity, better morale, and fewer turnovers among staff. To humanize the work setting it would be appropriate to set up day-care facilities at working companies. This gives the working parents the security that their child is being taken care of within the same premises. Not only will it benefit the parent, but also the company, for it would make the company more prosperous. Such cases in which parents would stay late the parent could finish their work without any worries. Establishing a day-care center will cause no worries for the parent in finding a babysitter, reduce absentees or tardiness of the employees, and parents would be able to spend time with their children. Another retention method used is flexible work schedules. The impact flexible work schedule’s have had on organizations have been quite positive, benefiting both the employer and the employee. Such benefits include increase in productivity, employee retention, motivation, and a decrease in absenteeism, tardiness, stress, and turnovers. Companies that have successfully adopted this method include Hewlett-Packard, Baxter International, Nabisco, and Dupont, among others. Do flexible work arrangements really improve employee retention? A recent survey, sponsored by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), found that CPAs on flex become more efficient with their time and, because they are grateful for the arrangement, work harder. More than 80 percent of the CPAs surveyed, reported that if their flexible work arrangement had not been approved, they would have left the firm. (PCPS) Flexible benefit plans can be a positive resource for retaining employees. Employers’ that provide flexible benefit plans show the desire to increase  employees’ loyalty to the company. In an increasingly tight labor market and faced with the necessity of operating as efficiently as possible, in order to remain competitive, employers view the flexible benefit plan as a tool to enhance employee morale. Flexible benefit plans are also used to improve employer-employee relationships, reduce overall costs of providing benefits, and reduce the incidence of employee turnover. Compensation issues focus on the diversity of worker needs, pay-for-performance plans, and the regulation of employee benefit plans. Flexibility and adaptability in HRM practices are primary keys in addressing worker needs. Job sharing, staggered scheduling and flextime are some of the outcomes generated by creative approaches to HRM practices. Pay-for-performance plans hold the allure of rewarding productivity while providing monetary motivation. Successful implementation of such practices, however, requires effective performance evaluations. Incentive pay plans can be advantageous to both the employer as well as the employee. The success of an incentive pay plan depends on the organizational climate in which it must operate, employee confidence in it, and its suitability to employee and organizational needs. Importantly, employees must view the incentive plan to be equitable and related to their performance. Performance measures should be quantifiable, easily understood, and bear a demonstrated relationship to organizational performance. The role of Human Resource Management must constantly be refined to add greater value to an organization. HRM has a responsibility to employees to provide for their long-term development and a commitment to continuously afford employees with opportunities for personal and professional advancement. Today, many companies are providing incentives for employees to stay with the firm and allowing them to share in the growth of the company. One major concern employers often have is whether or not the resources committed to employee development will benefit business performance. That concern however, should not discourage corporations from offering assistance to employees. If a business has the time, wherewithal and the know-how to aid and assist its employees, it should, by all means, do so. As the turnover rate continues to rise to its highest levels in nearly a decade, it’s good  to know that finding, hiring and keeping the right people can be accomplished today with more than just subjective observation, opinion and emotion. Dessler, Gary. Human Resource Management. Prentice Hall, 2003. PCPS NEWS RELEASES,http://www.pcps.org/member/releases_may22_02.html,2002 Saxby ,David. What Can Retailers Do About Employee Turnover? http://www.measure-x.com/tips/empturnover.html

How Do I Answer SAT Sentence Completion Questions Without Knowing Vocabulary

How Do I Answer SAT Sentence Completion Questions Without Knowing Vocabulary SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Imagine you’re taking the SAT Critical Reading, when all of a sudden you come across a sentence completion question that completely stumps you. What are strategies you can use to help with this situation, and what are some ways to avoid this situation altogether? The College Board’s advice is helpful, but only goes so far. Keep reading for solutions to this issue. I'll go over ways to avoid sentence completion questions entirely, common wisdom advice, and what I think really works. NOTE: This article discusses a type of question that no longer appears on the SAT. For more information about what is included in the SAT Reading section, read this article.

Signs of the Times essays

Signs of the Times essays Electronic Commerce is defined by Websters Dictionary as using computer networks to conduct business, including buying and selling online, electronic funds transfer, business communications, and using computers to access business information resources. The Electronic Commerce Association describes electronic commerce as doing business electronically. More precisely we could describe electronic commerce as involving the exchange of information using a combination of structured messages (EDI), unstructured messages (e-mail and documents), data access and direct support for business processes across the value chain. The Internet is only a small fraction of e-commerce applications. Intranets, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems all contribute to business to business marketing, operations and financial services (Wareham, 2000). The Internet was designed to be used by government and academic users, but now it is rapidly becoming commercialized. It has on-line "shops", even electronic "shopping malls". Customers, browsing at their computers, can view products, read descriptions, and sometimes even try samples. They could pay by credit card, transmitting the necessary data by modem; but intercepting messages on the Internet is trivially easy for a smart hacker, so sending a credit-card number in an unscrambled message is inviting trouble. It would be relatively safe to send a credit card number encrypted with a hard-to-break code. That would require either a general adoption across the Internet of standard encoding protocols, or the making of prior arrangements between buyers and sellers. Both consumers and merchants could see a windfall if these problems are solved. For merchants, a secure and easily divisible supply of electronic money will motivate more Internet surfers to become on-line shoppers. Electronic money will also make it easier for smaller businesses to achieve a lev...

Local education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local education - Essay Example The source of finance acceptable to the institution is the most important factor for many students seeking higher education in American universities, especially international students who have to give evidence of ability to pay for the education. Many students are subjected to a rigorous vetting process to determine their eligibility for financing in cases where they seek for scholarships, grants and loans. The criterion used includes but not limited to; country of origin (citizenship), certain minimum academic qualifications, financial ability, and in some instances work experience, I was lucky to secure financing from the Federal Student Aid program. Having acquired a source of finance, the next major step was enrolling for school and starting my classes. The registration process was long and winding. I started off by obtaining clearance from the finance office after which I was directed to the registrar’s office. At the registrar’s office, I met a long queue of students waiting to be served. I had to wait for 2 hours before my turn came. I submitted the clearance form from the finance office and was subsequently issued with a registration number. From the registrar’s office, I headed for the deans office who now issued me with course application forms. I applied for the course and Units of the first semester. I then had to wait for verification from the programme director and have the application forms stamped. The forms would then be taken to the dean’s secretary for filing. The registration process often is a challenge to new students joining universities. The process involves far too many form filling and verification procedures that would prove a challenge to a freshman especially so for international students who also face language barrier problems. After this process, the dean’s secretary gave me the time table and a manual with all the information I needed to know. The classes were to start the following Monday. Monday

Why cant pioneering innovative companies sustain their first mover Essay

Why cant pioneering innovative companies sustain their first mover advantages A case analysis of Research in Motion - Essay Example Since the introduction on the market of the Blackberry 850, recurrent product evolutions and new innovation developments such as the Blackberry Pearl continued to find market favour with mass market consumers and corporate buyers alike. The Blackberry was the first device of its kind on the market, thus giving Research in Motion significant competitive and profit advantages. Porter (2011) identifies that a business’ position can be weakened when there are substitute products on the market. However, being a true innovator in wireless handheld devices, until 2007 there were virtually no comparable products in the mobile market, thus giving RIM significant market power. However, in 2007, Apple Inc. launched its own wireless device innovation, the iPhone, which was comparable if not superior to Blackberry products. This led to the development of the Blackberry Storm, a competitive product offering designed to outperform Apple’s first innovative smartphone launch. The Storm, though, received considerable negative publicity with dissatisfied consumers stemming from problems connecting to AT&T’s 3G network (Phone Arena 2009). ... Being the innovator in providing smartphone technologies, Research in Motion was able to establish barriers to new market entry by building a loyalty to the company and the Blackberry brand. Such loyalty, however, does not occur overnight or within a vacuum without publicity and promotion. As such, it was not until approximately 2006 that the share price exploded, which would be an appropriate time period by which to establish loyalty, especially with the corporate markets. It was not until 2007 with the release of the Apple iPhone that any notable competitors maintained ability to move against the market share of Blackberry, thus investors believed until 2008 that RIM would always dominate the market. This is evident in the interactive stock chart (below) showing the growth and sudden declines of stock valuation for RIM. Furthermore, as there was not the technological prowess with competitors (Blackberry was supported by substantial venture capitalist investment for development), RI M maintained dominance until 2007 in this industry. It was not until major players began changing their operational strategies to develop similar products; which RIM was not prepared to combat with an appropriate contingency plan in the event of new competitive entrants. Associated with loyalty, Blackberry was able to develop a powerful reputation for quality by having a superior product on the market. Research in Motion experienced advantages in this capacity as there is a consumer propensity to judge pioneers more favourably to late movers. Without having to invest much capital and other investment into concentrated and focused advertising, as the Blackberry was quite unique to other mobile technologies on the market, it imposed late entrant costs

Creative Brief Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Brief - Case Study Example The target market is the city of Zurich in Switzerland and the specific target group is the youths and adolescents who form a large part of the city’s entire population. The city has a total of about half a million of which a half is made up of the youthful population. The youths in the city are known to be taking part in several sporting activities which requires a lot of energy boost. The drink which is attributed to increase in performance in sporting events is expected to increase its sales in the city which is full of energy demanding activities. The fact that it exist in large varieties makes it more appealing to the younger generation who are keen on variety and specialized products. The city is attracts large number of tourists who come for leisure and recreation activities hence a huge demand for energy drinks which will be met by Redbull. The city is closely located to the headquarters of the product which is located in Vienna. The proximity will help increase pace at which the product is supplied hence meeting the expected huge demand of the product. The city has a large number of immigrants and tourist who will be in a better position to market the product in their respective countries hence increasing the market base for the product as well as expanding the market globally. The city has a large number of international hotels and other retail outlets that will allow quick distribution of the product thus increasing its accessibility to the larger population. Another key factor that makes the target market the best is the high level of information among the youths in the city. They are very much aware of the role that caffeine which is contained in the drink does for their bodies and the right level of the product that they need to consume. As result they are able to contain all the effects and reactions that take place in their bodies as

Short Pest or Pestle analysis Essay Example for Free

Short Pest or Pestle analysis Essay This short ‘PEST’ or ‘PESTLE’ analysis will be carried out on the supermarket sector and discount retailers in Northern Ireland with the majority of the analysis being carried out specifically on Lidl. A PESTLE analysis will be ideal for Lidl in terms of effective market research and will help them come to decide how much they should expand given the fact that they have plans to do so particularly in the UK over the next 12 months. The PESTLE analysis directly and comprehensively evaluates the industry’s external environment elements in order to identify the overall available opportunities and dangers of specific procedures. It cannot be undermined how crucial effective market research is for companies such as Lidl who are constantly looking to gain a competitive advantage in the supermarket sector. Specifically, a PESTLE analysis mainly highlights the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental variables of the company and, if carried out efficiently, can be instrumental in terms of helping Lidl to improve their overall profit margins through expansion and their profits in terms of their overall net income. EXPRESS REFERENCE From the opening of its first ever store in the early 1970’s in Germany, the Lidl brand has grown a great deal to become one of Europe\s leading food retailers, a growth beyond their wildest expectations. Lidl first opened its doors in the UK in 1994 and since then they have went from strength to strength as they now have a grand total of over 650 stores and ten distribution centres across Great Britain employing some 20,000 people. Lidl has just recently just beaten close competitor Waitrose to become the UK’s seventh largest supermarket chain, according to the latest grocery market share figures (BBC, 2017). Lidl are currently drawing on a net income of  £5.8 billion for 2017 rising some  £800 million thus growing their overall market share by 0.6 percentage points to 5%. Aswell as being active in the retail business, Lidl also carry out a number of services such as DVD rental (launched in 2009) and bakery services which have been an excellent addition since their introduction in 2012. Through expansion, in what can be considered an oligopolistic market, companies like Lidl are hoping to get ever closer to the ‘big 4’ who are currently Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Morrisons. Companies such as Lidl, Aldi and Waitrose have thrived after the economic crash of 2007-08 as consumer behaviour since then has led us to believe that the trend of low prices for good quality products is a popular one and has led to a shift to the right in demand for the products and services of such companies. The first aspect of this PESTLE analysis is the political aspect. With over 10,000 stores in Europe alone, Lidl have the tricky task of managing many unique political factors that affect their everyday business operations. One of these major political components that heavily influences the day to day running of the organisation comes in the form of natural assurance laws. These specific laws compel companies to comply with all the government requirements. Another imperative law that Lidl must abide by is the UK government vitality advance for innovative work of retail products. With the sheer political anarchy that the UK is currently going through at this moment in time Brexit negotiations and the legal trading aspects surrounding it are another external component that Lidl must carefully juggle. According to Mintel, following the Brexit vote, political and economic volatility and uncertainty are widespread across consumer markets with the BPC market which Lidl operate in no excepti on. While changes to laws and regulations will affect business operations and brand practices, consumers already report that they are feeling the impact of the UK’s divorce with the EU. This is likely to result in BPC companies facing challenges following the changes in legislations, while consumers are likely to feel the impact of Brexit on their disposable income. With potentially limited spending money the BPC market might note fluctuations in retail value across various segments. As a result of the instability, over 40% of Irish consumers are unsure how Brexit will affect their finances, with a quarter of NI consumers worrying about the future. Only a fifth of NI consumers believe that their personal situation may improve. In addition Lidl uses economic internal and external factors.

The people bomb on 20-20 :: essays research papers

The film â€Å"The people bomb† was a compilation of stories and videos collected from diverse cultures and geographical locations focusing on dramatic increases in human population over short spans of time. This population explosion was having a direct, negative impact on the environment and society of the locations discussed. As a result, involved governments began taking action to alleviate the repercussions of this population expansion and to prevent its continuance. Some of these actions were received harshly by citizens under the acting governments, some were wavered and seen as ineffective for religious reasons and others were successful and becoming more so as time continues. One example of a harshly received marshal action was that of either forced, or persuaded, mass sterilization of societal members. This particular action was taken in India, where citizens from the general population were either forced or coerced into thinking they were being forced to accept ster ilization procedures. Many health and wrongful death issues ensued, as well as moral and emotional objection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population expansion, on scales demonstrated in â€Å"The people bomb,† create serious issues for the societies that experience them. A large congestion of people in an area not designed, or capable of maintaining them spawns problems with waste disposal, employment, availability of necessary resources, health, and proper living accommodations. Most commonly experienced in the third world, matters such as these are quickly becoming pandemic in their proportions. Without proper regulation and control of the population or the existence of necessary support programs for a number of people not conducive to their environment, conditions will only worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One may argue that the problem of overpopulation in areas experiencing absolute poverty is inevitable. It may be viewed as a situation only repaired by either force, such as forced sterilization, or the simple end result of an abnormally high mortality rate amongst the population due to poor health conditions.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

The Orwell’s perception of an ideal government is pretty much the same as Montesqueue describes in â€Å"Persian letters†. They both seem to think that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials. As opposed to totalitarian regime of the Party, Montesque’s ideal government would be the government elected by people and not a product of a despotic ruler’s ideas. He, as well as the Orwell believed that the success of democracy- a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power. Moreover, the only way of achieving this would be dividing power onto three branches: an authority that enforced laws (like a king), Parliament, which made laws, and the judges in courts who interpreted laws. According to Montesqueue it is called ‘separation of powers’. Avoiding placing too much power on one individual or group of individuals would certainly prevent total itarian governments of coming into existence. Therefore, no branch of the government could threaten the freedom of the people. Orwell’s society displays a threatening projection of a totalitarian system into the future. Indeed it is a regime very similar to the tyrannies of the 20th century and strongly echoes Stalin Russia or Nazi Germany. The dominant mood inside this repressive system is one of threat and suppression due to the systematic persecution and oppression of non-conformists. As Goldstein explains in his ‘Oligarchical Collectivism’ there have always been three classes: the high, the middle and the low with the middle and the high constantly changing their respective position. Eventually this movement was identified by historians as being cyclical. In an attempt to interrupt this recurring pattern the Party is essentially focusing on the problem of Stability. Indeed Stability becomes principal in Oceania as well as in the other two superpowers Eastasia and Eurasia. In short it is the problem of how to keep things the way they are and maintain a hierarchical society without risk ing an overthrow of the established system. Several devices and attitudes have been conceived to achieve this aim. First of all the Party constantly controls and monitors its subjects. A crucial device in this scheme is the telescreen which, by being able to send as well as to receive information, allows a constant surveillance of all Party members. In addition other institutions such as the Thought Police or the Spies have been contrived to guarantee a maximum of surveillance.

The Business of Being Born

The Business of being born The Business of being born is an informative film that highlights us how hospitals turned into businesses and who actually benefits from the medicalization and the money that is made. We could see women giving birth naturally at home and others in hospitals and what has happened to women throughout the years in regards to childbirth. Also, doctors and midwives are interviewed which gives us a perspective from both sides.Before watching this film, I did not know about the â€Å"designer birth† which consists in scheduling deliveries and C-sections. This showed me how women prefer the medical aspect of birth that involves physicians. As one of the mothers said midwifery is â€Å"done†; it has become part of the past. In the US, midwives attend less than 8% of births because of technological and medical advances.Formerly, women including midwives used to give birth more than men before male doctors took over hospitals, turned them into â€Å"pat riarchal† institutions and made business out of it. However, we have to recognize that they should be remunerated for their services. Some mothers perceive surgery as an efficient and less time consuming medical technique. It has become uncommon and rare to see †fully† natural birth in hospitals. Doctors make decisions for monetary and legal reasons. These decisions can even affect the health of the mother or the baby.The use of Protozoan (medication that causes contraction) or Pitocin (helps inducing labor) and the practice of the Cesarean, which is a doctor-friendly technique, only reinforce the authority of doctors and the influence of their techniques on women bodies. Moreover, I found revolting that the United States has the second worst newborn death rate in the developed world. The medicalization of childbirth is challenging women’s confidence and self esteem. As one of the informant said â€Å"convince them that they do not know how to birth and the â€Å"power of birthing is taken away from women†.

How to Use the French Word Du Tout

How to Use the French Word Du Tout The French word du tout, which is pronounced, du too, means (not) at all. It has a normal register. Usage The French expression du tout emphasizes a negative word, most commonly the negative adverb pas. When used with pas, du tout can be placed either right after it or else at the end of the sentence; the latter is a bit more forceful. Je naime pas du tout courir. / Je naime pas courir du tout. I dont like running at all.Il na pas du tout changà ©. / Il na pas changà © du tout. He hasnt changed at all.Elle na pas du tout didà ©es. / Elle na pas didà ©es du tout. She doesnt have any ideas at all. In response to a question, du tout can be used on its own or with pas to mean not/none at all. Veux-tu aller au cinà ©Ã‚  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. Do you want to go to the movies? -Not at all.Tu nas pas dargent  ? -Du tout. / Pas du tout. You dont have any money? -None at all. Du tout can also be used with other negative words: Il na rien fait du tout ce matin. He did nothing at all / He did absolutely nothing this morning.Personne du tout nà ©tait la plage. There was no one at all / There was absolutely no one at the beach.  Il ny a plus du tout de cafà ©. Theres no coffee left at all.Elle est partie sans pleurer du tout. She left without crying at all.

Abortion as a Сurrent Public Policy Issue

Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue Abortion as a current public policy issue/controversy in the news today Controversies arise because of different opinions of people due to individual uniqueness in beliefs, logical reasoning, religious, political, and social economic backgrounds that often lead to heated and argumentative discussions. While there are numerous public policy issues, the paper tables the scope, cost, policies, solutions, stakeholders, and institutions that address abortion in the United States of America as an issue aired in the news nowadays.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thousands of issues seem right in the eyes of majority, but are appealing to the minority or persons benefiting from them (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 796). The argumentative topic on abortion is a concern for public as depicted by the participation of several people in today’s ne ws all over the world. However, in looking at the fundamental issues related to abortion, education, legal and activism, sex and sexism, drug and substance abuse, and health care reform cannot be overemphasized considering the fact that abortion is a process and not an accident. The question over whether or not the government should legalize abortion has hit the recent news with Americans having divided opinions. The United States’ abortion procedures ignited public attention in 2010 and 2011 (Campbell, 2011, p.963: Gerwin, 2012, p. 632). Opponents stress that life begins at conception, and therefore abortion inflicts excruciation in the unborn child. Proponents claim that failure to legalize abortion makes pregnant women opt to risky abortion methods and that governmental or religious authority should not limit their abortion rights (Bisignano, 2009, p. 745). Consequently, the issue has seen the emergence of social and political activists who have polarized the debate on abo rtion in order to gain popularity within the public. In my view, it does not matter the sides where one belongs to as long as the arguments can withstand the test of time, are in line with the fundamental freedoms and rights of the people, and are in accordance with societal moral standards and principles. Both the proponents and opponents acknowledge that abortion is an issue of life and death, which is accomplished out of one’s personal initiatives. Just like death, abortion does not discriminate based on the doer of the act whether a well-informed or uneducated mother, poor or rich mother, young or old mother, under or not under the influence of drug.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The outcomes and objectives are related (Gerwin, 2012, p. 634). However, any attempt to minimize the long lasting abortion debate should aim at changing people’s attitude towards sex, drug, and substance abuse that enhance early or unplanned pregnancies among women. Besides, prevention is better than cure. With endless arguments on abortion, adequate education and awareness as well as proper health care reforms on abortion are inevitable. Description and analysis of the scope of abortion Throughout history, abortion methods have often been unsafe since they can result in serious injuries and sometimes death to the women. The fundamental argument for allowing abortion has been to abolish unsafe abortion methods done in societies where abortion was illegal and without the support of specialists. The variation in arguments on issues of abortion is indeed a public concern (Campbell, 2011, p.967). Both opponents and proponents to some extent accept that abortion can act as a last resort under unavoidable circumstances such as when a womans life is at risk and or in case of rape or incest (Pollman, 2012, p. 185). The community argues that surgica l and medical abortions are the most common types of abortion procedures used by women while therapeutic, elective, spontaneous, and induced abortions are rarely used (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 807). However, death of the infant or mother or both may occur whether or not a specialist helps in the process. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than eighty percent of the US counties provide abortion services where an estimated five times black women as white women do abortion per day (Uscinski, 2009, p. 798). The legislative enactment and amendment on abortion is another fundamental public concern. The amendment ensures that federal ban on public funding for abortion forms a part of the States’ constitution in order to reduce the scope of the State privacy law. In addition, the national abortion reporting laws and policies in America fail to inform and guide on issues related to public policy in a timely manner (Gerwin, 2012, p. 642). The US sta rted criminalizing abortion since 1821. Physicians mainly influenced the move fearing its safety. By 1965, the entire US had outlawed abortion. However, according to World Health Organization Report released in 2006, each year, abortion causes several maternal deaths in regions where it is not legal (Uscinski, 2009, p. 998). In this case, people discuss issues of life and death and problems arising from the legalization and illegalization of abortion (Campbell, 2011, p.972). Compliance with abortion reporting laws has also proven difficult. There is the inability of ascertaining the inputs of various medical conditions to maternal deaths and giving complete reports on abortion (Pollman, 2012, p. 199).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Abortion as a Ð ¡urrent Public Policy Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lack of reliable measurements makes calculation of the relative safety and danger of induced abortion a nd delivery not viable. The challenge has spackled a public debate. Moreover, public health agencies are unable to enforce the existing reporting laws making it problematic in understanding the real issues about abortion. The stakeholders and affected constituencies Issues of abortion do not have specific stakeholders because they cut across all humanity. However, the humanity can be categorized into primary, secondary, and key stakeholders. Beneficiaries are those who aim at gaining either money or service from the abortion process. They include individuals who are experiencing the risk for a particular problem or abortionists and those who help in carrying out the process: the physicians (Gerwin, 2012, p. 650). Secondary stakeholders comprise those directly involved with beneficiaries such as parents, spouses, siblings, children, friends, teachers, counselors. Secondary stakeholders also involve people whose jobs or lives can be influenced by the abortion process especially if the y do or fail to report the act of abortion (Lejano, Leong, 2012, p. 811). They comprise community members, employers, contractors, proprietors, police, and other law enforcement agencies. Key stakeholders include those with an interest in the abortion outcome and those who can influence decisions government officials and policy makers (Uscinski, 2009, p. 805). Government officials and policy makers such as state or federal agencies, governors, local board members, and legislators have the responsibility of devising, passing, and enforcing laws and regulations, which may or may not fulfill the set goals (Uscinski, 2009, p. 812). In deed, if the governments allowed women to abort unnecessarily, some of the world’s great leaders and scientists would not have been born. If death occurs, the families and communities in which it occurs are affected psychologically, socially, economically, and politically (Campbell, 2011, p.966). Women, their spouses, and the unborn are the direct bearers of the consequences of abortion. According to Breast Cancer Prevention Institute (BCPI) and the Catholic Medical Association (CMA) in 2006, abortion increases the likelihood of women developing breast cancer and future miscarriages (Pollman, 2012, p. 206). Relevant political institutions to the policy discussion about Abortion Even though physicians do not entertain social, cultural, and religious issues in analyzing the relationship between abortion politics and policies, abortion has proved to be a divisive political issue in the United States since the reign of Roe Wade (Pollman, 2012, p. 183). Political institutions are central in the issue.Advertising Looking for term paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, through federalism, judicial review, and a private health care system, the Americans consider abortion simply as an individual right rather than a medical requirement (Uscinski, 2009, p. 814). The nature and structure of the US political parties give abortion proponents and opponents the opportunity to initiate and accommodate abortion issue in their political agenda. Legal complexity, political factors, structures, and values are responsible for evolution of abortion policy. Political institutions and ideologies â€Å"†¦affect the nature and timing of policy decisions on abortion thus contributing distinctively to policy differences across nations† (Bejesky, 2012, p. 967). The controversy surrounding the topic of abortion sparkled in the US Congress health care debate in 2010 with the opponents and proponents in the House of Representatives and the Senate trading accusations. Unlike the proponents who want equal treatment of all in the health care services , opponents of abortion did not want beneficiaries of insurance subsidies to receive Federal funding for any abortion (Gerwin, 2012, p. 645). The health care reform bill sailed through the House of Representatives that followed by the signing of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and an executive order by President Barack Obama to ensure that federal funds are not used for abortion services (Pollman, 2012, p. 218). President Ronald Reagan declared the Mexico City Policy during Mexico Conference that limits all nongovernmental groups sponsored by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) from enhancing abortion services (Uscinski, 2009, p. 803). While in 2009, President Obama issued a memorandum repealing the Mexico City Policy stating that it weakens efforts of promoting safe and effective voluntary family planning programs. The observable of economic challenges and political interests indicate forces influencing fertility-related practices, values, and policies in the United States Policies proposed to address Abortion Abortion policies in the United States involve criminalization of abortion in the states and enactment of abortion laws by the federal government. Despite state public debate on abortion in 2011, Roe Wade declared federal actions that the majority of the state anti-abortion laws were unconstitutional (Gerwin, 2012, p. 647). The declaration forced proponents to push for federal policies that would restrict abortion. Congress passed Hyde Amendment bill for the Department of Health and Human Services limiting federal funding for abortion, which was an amendment that had been under constant review since its inception (Pollman, 2012, p. 221). Moreover, abortion policies aim at maintaining morality, economic development, and national security. Congressional attacks on reproductive rights intensified opponents of choice and pro-choice to introduce abortion policies that promote their political agendas (Pollman, 2012, p. 195). The Hea lth Care Reform adopted by both houses has imposed abortion restrictions on women by barring them from insurance coverage and accessing abortion services. Judicial nominations defend reproductive health care for the future generations (Campbell, 2011, p.970). Notwithstanding, courts are paramount in asserting all human rights including ensuring access, threats to abortion rights, and reproductive choice in the US. Therefore, Prevention First amendments and Rights for a Fetus Act aims at denying millions of women their abortion coverage further weakening their access to abortion care (Deirdre, 2011, p.196). Prevention First Act aims at increasing access to preventive health care services and to initiate programs, which reduce unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act (CIANA) provides that only parents should be involved in helping a minor woman. However, any trusted person within or without the family can be federally prosecut ed for helping a woman who may be a victim of family abuse, rape, or incest. NAF emphasizes that state abortion legislations impact directly on women’s health across the country (Gerwin, 2012, p. 636). It guarantees protection of abortion providers and abortionists. NAF public policy advocates for fair and independent judiciary that guarantees women’s right to safe and legal abortion. According to the Supreme Court ruling, federal abortion ban interferes with physicians’ ability to make proper medical decisions (Pollman, 2012, p. 212). Solution to Abortion and the Factors behind the Solution A part from suitable education that changes and creates awareness on sex, drugs, and abortions, congress should adequately finance Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in order to gather data for a national abortion report to upgrade surveillance (Deirdre, 2011, p.193). This will ensure effective public policy implementation on abortion issues as stipulated in the report. In ad dition, governments should encourage every state to adopt the goal of issuing cumulative statistical data on abortion on a timely basis including monthly and annual reports (Uscinski, 2009, p. 801). Publication of the reports greatly helps policymakers, private sector actors, and other stakeholders in devising, testing, and evaluating awareness, education, and public health strategies in order to make abortion less frequent and ultimately rare (Pollman, 2012, p. 203). The federal government should urge all states to revise their statutes to improve standards of care in the growing role of medical abortions across the nation. Laws should clearly stipulate the roles of pharmacists, non-physicians, nurses, and midwives who purport to perform abortions as well as any institution that employs a physician from within or outside the state in the country who prescribes drugs for abortion (Campbell, 2011, p.973). Moreover, abortions may or may not involve minor and major operations. Therefor e, parental notice legislations deserve more attention in order for them to receive timely information in case of abortion (Pollman, 2012, p. 234). Congress should reinforce abortion-reporting laws with the help of the public and or impose realistic financial disincentives on the states that deliberately fail to submit reports. Cost of Abortion to the Americans: How much would it cost to address the issue? If the costs are unknown, why are they unknown? Ideally, the strength and inconsistency of abortion legislatives in the US make the cost of addressing very unpredictable. However, lack of sufficient comparative data on abortion policy execution and law implementation have put a lot of emphasis on laws and legislation as well as judicial decisions whose implementation requires thousands of the US dollars (Gerwin, 2012, p. 639). The executive has increased the price of competent abortion services, rates of maternal morbidity, mortality, and medical techniques, and knowledge among ca re providers and consumers leading to higher costs of public policy on abortion in the US. There is legislation that measures and determines the extent of psychological damage in an individual resulting from abortion. The psychological disturbance has diverse effects on humans especially when no immediate attention is given. The study published by the Southern Medical Journal in 1998 and 2002 identifies that more than one hundred and fifty percent of women who aborted are more likely to commit suicide in relation to those who carry the pregnancy to the term. In addition, more than fifty percent of men whose partners have abortions reported regret, sadness, and depression (Uscinski, 2009, p. 796). Notwithstanding, those who steer abortion are â€Å"more interested in making profits instead of assisting their clients† (Deirdre, 2011, p.190). Irrespective of the method, any abortion costs about between three hundred and fifty to one thousand dollars. A study in 2009 indicated th at, while abortion industry makes over eight hundred million dollars annually, the country uses nearly equal amounts towards abortion including public policy issues. In my view, instead of a women wanting to or aborting, they should give their unwanted babies to persons who cannot biologically conceive in order to save the country from spending such a huge amount of money on abortion-related issues. Is the public policy issue one faced by both the federal government and state governments? Indeed, many problems that befall different communities in the United States of America can not only be solved by the State or Federal governments but also through initiatives and actions taken in the private sphere (Gerwin, 2012, p. 646). As the government aims to adopt laws and regulations to address public policy problems, individuals and families with or without the involvement of civil societies such as socio-economic and political associations establish programs towards obtaining a lasting so lution to the problem (Campbell, 2011, p.965: Reynolds, 2011, p. 973). However, policymaking process can prove very challenging in terms of who will benefit and bear any risk resulting from them. Consequently, the stakeholders repeatedly reassess, re-examine, and revise the undertakings thus making the process lack a clear starting or end. In addition, the process of making public policies involves the problem, players, and the policy. It takes place following rational model stages. Agenda setting is the first step in which agencies and government officials discuss the proposed problem (Deirdre, 2011, p.187). The option formulation step precedes the implementation stage, and involves laying alternative solutions and final decisions regarding the best policies (Pollman, 2012, p. 189). During implementation, the private sector, public sector, and other government organs can easily interpret policies to check for several common challenges such as personal interests, political affiliati ons, and personalities that influence the players through the entire process. Conclusion The interest of the public is to understand and be involved in formulating abortion policies that will recognize and guide women and girls doing abortion, at any stage of the child development, in the presence or absence of physicians (Campbell, 2011, p.962). In addition, the existence of a strong public curiosity about making abortion a rare event in spite of its legal status in the nation cannot be overruled. Therefore, the only suitable way to gather the right information about abortion and to protect abortionists’ privacy and individual health is to examine and understand the scope and cost of and the policies, solutions, stakeholders, and institutions that address abortion in the United States of America as it is in the news today. Reference List Bejesky, R. (2012). Public diplomacy or propaganda? Targeted messages and tardy corrections to unverified reporting. Capital University Law Review, 40(1), 967. Bisignano, J. (2009). Current issues in public policy: Whistleblowing and the intentional distortion of news. Journal of Law Public Policy, 6(1), 745. Campbell, A. (2011). Policy Feedbacks and the Impact of Policy Designs on Public Opinion.  Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 36(6), 961-973. Deirdre, K. (2011). The Public Policy Pedagogy of Corporate and Alternative News Media.  Studies in Philosophy Education, 30(2), 185-198. Gerwin, L. (2012). 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